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【全球时快讯】组件间怎么通信?盘点Vue组件通信方式(值得收藏)

时间:2022-08-19 19:53:20       来源:转载
Vue组件间怎么通信?本篇文章盘点Vue2和Vue3的10种组件通信方式,希望对大家有所帮助!

Vue中组件通信方式有很多,其中Vue2和Vue3实现起来也会有很多差异;本文将通过选项式API组合式API以及setup三种不同实现方式全面介绍Vue2和Vue3的组件通信方式。其中将要实现的通信方式如下表所示。(学习视频分享:vue视频教程)


(资料图)

方式Vue2Vue3
父传子propsprops
子传父$emitemits
父传子$attrsattrs
子传父$listeners无(合并到 attrs方式)
父传子provideprovide
子传父injectinject
子组件访问父组件$parent
父组件访问子组件$children
父组件访问子组件$refexpose&ref
兄弟传值EventBusmitt

props

props是组件通信中最常用的通信方式之一。父组件通过v-bind传入,子组件通过props接收,下面是它的三种实现方式

选项式API
//父组件<script>import Child from "./Child"export default {  components:{    Child  },  data() {    return {      parentMsg: "父组件信息"    }  }}</script>//子组件<script>export default {  props:["msg"]}</script>
组合式Api
//父组件<script>import { ref,defineComponent } from "vue"import Child from "./Child.vue"export default defineComponent({  components:{    Child  },  setup() {    const parentMsg = ref("父组件信息")    return {      parentMsg    };  },});</script>//子组件<script>import { defineComponent,toRef } from "vue";export default defineComponent({    props: ["msg"],// 如果这行不写,下面就接收不到    setup(props) {        console.log(props.msg) //父组件信息        let parentMsg = toRef(props, "msg")        return {            parentMsg        };    },});</script>
setup语法糖
//父组件<script setup>import { ref } from "vue"import Child from "./Child.vue"const parentMsg = ref("父组件信息")</script>//子组件<script setup>import { toRef, defineProps } from "vue";const props = defineProps(["msg"]);console.log(props.msg) //父组件信息let parentMsg = toRef(props, "msg")</script>

注意

props中数据流是单项的,即子组件不可改变父组件传来的值

在组合式API中,如果想在子组件中用其它变量接收props的值时需要使用toRef将props中的属性转为响应式。

emit

子组件可以通过emit发布一个事件并传递一些参数,父组件通过v-on进行这个事件的监听

选项式API
//父组件<script>import Child from "./Child"export default {  components:{    Child  },  methods: {    getFromChild(val) {      console.log(val) //我是子组件数据    }  }}</script>// 子组件<script>export default {  methods:{    sendFun(){      this.$emit("sendMsg","我是子组件数据")    }  }}</script>
组合式Api
//父组件<script>import Child from "./Child"import { defineComponent } from "vue";export default defineComponent({  components: {    Child  },  setup() {    const getFromChild = (val) => {      console.log(val) //我是子组件数据    }    return {      getFromChild    };  },});</script>//子组件<script>import { defineComponent } from "vue";export default defineComponent({    emits: ["sendMsg"],    setup(props, ctx) {        const sendFun = () => {            ctx.emit("sendMsg", "我是子组件数据")        }        return {            sendFun        };    },});</script>
setup语法糖
//父组件<script setup>import Child from "./Child"const getFromChild = (val) => {      console.log(val) //我是子组件数据    }</script>//子组件<script setup>import { defineEmits } from "vue";const emits = defineEmits(["sendMsg"])const sendFun = () => {    emits("sendMsg", "我是子组件数据")}</script>

attrs和listeners

子组件使用$attrs可以获得父组件除了props传递的属性和特性绑定属性 (class和 style)之外的所有属性。

子组件使用$listeners可以获得父组件(不含.native修饰器的)所有v-on事件监听器,在Vue3中已经不再使用;但是Vue3中的attrs不仅可以获得父组件传来的属性也可以获得父组件v-on事件监听器

选项式API
//父组件<script>import Child from "./Child"export default {  components:{    Child  },  data(){    return {      msg1:"子组件msg1",      msg2:"子组件msg2"    }  },  methods: {    parentFun(val) {      console.log(`父组件方法被调用,获得子组件传值:${val}`)    }  }}</script>//子组件<script>export default {  methods:{    getParentFun(){      this.$listeners.parentFun("我是子组件数据")    }  },  created(){    //获取父组件中所有绑定属性    console.log(this.$attrs)  //{"msg1": "子组件msg1","msg2": "子组件msg2"}    //获取父组件中所有绑定方法        console.log(this.$listeners) //{parentFun:f}  }}</script>
组合式API
//父组件<script>import Child from "./Child"import { defineComponent,ref } from "vue";export default defineComponent({  components: {    Child  },  setup() {    const msg1 = ref("子组件msg1")    const msg2 = ref("子组件msg2")    const parentFun = (val) => {      console.log(`父组件方法被调用,获得子组件传值:${val}`)    }    return {      parentFun,      msg1,      msg2    };  },});</script>//子组件<script>import { defineComponent } from "vue";export default defineComponent({    emits: ["sendMsg"],    setup(props, ctx) {        //获取父组件方法和事件        console.log(ctx.attrs) //Proxy {"msg1": "子组件msg1","msg2": "子组件msg2"}        const getParentFun = () => {            //调用父组件方法            ctx.attrs.onParentFun("我是子组件数据")        }        return {            getParentFun        };    },});</script>
setup语法糖
//父组件<script setup>import Child from "./Child"import { ref } from "vue";const msg1 = ref("子组件msg1")const msg2 = ref("子组件msg2")const parentFun = (val) => {  console.log(`父组件方法被调用,获得子组件传值:${val}`)}</script>//子组件<script setup>import { useAttrs } from "vue";const attrs = useAttrs()//获取父组件方法和事件console.log(attrs) //Proxy {"msg1": "子组件msg1","msg2": "子组件msg2"}const getParentFun = () => {    //调用父组件方法    attrs.onParentFun("我是子组件数据")}</script>

注意

Vue3中使用attrs调用父组件方法时,方法前需要加上on;如parentFun->onParentFun

provide/inject

provide:是一个对象,或者是一个返回对象的函数。里面包含要给子孙后代属性

inject:一个字符串数组,或者是一个对象。获取父组件或更高层次的组件provide的值,既在任何后代组件都可以通过inject获得

选项式API
//父组件<script>import Child from "./Child"export default {  components: {    Child  },  data() {    return {      msg1: "子组件msg1",      msg2: "子组件msg2"    }  },  provide() {    return {      msg1: this.msg1,      msg2: this.msg2    }  }}</script>//子组件<script>export default {  inject:["msg1","msg2"],  created(){    //获取高层级提供的属性    console.log(this.msg1) //子组件msg1    console.log(this.msg2) //子组件msg2  }}</script>
组合式API
//父组件<script>import Child from "./Child"import { ref, defineComponent,provide } from "vue";export default defineComponent({  components:{    Child  },  setup() {    const msg1 = ref("子组件msg1")    const msg2 = ref("子组件msg2")    provide("msg1", msg1)    provide("msg2", msg2)    return {          }  },});</script>//子组件<script>import { inject, defineComponent } from "vue";export default defineComponent({    setup() {        console.log(inject("msg1").value) //子组件msg1        console.log(inject("msg2").value) //子组件msg2    },});</script>
setup语法糖
//父组件<script setup>import Child from "./Child"import { ref,provide } from "vue";const msg1 = ref("子组件msg1")const msg2 = ref("子组件msg2")provide("msg1",msg1)provide("msg2",msg2)</script>//子组件<script setup>import { inject } from "vue";console.log(inject("msg1").value) //子组件msg1console.log(inject("msg2").value) //子组件msg2</script>

说明

provide/inject一般在深层组件嵌套中使用合适。一般在组件开发中用的居多。

parent/children

$parent: 子组件获取父组件Vue实例,可以获取父组件的属性方法等

$children: 父组件获取子组件Vue实例,是一个数组,是直接儿子的集合,但并不保证子组件的顺序

Vue2
import Child from "./Child"export default {  components: {    Child  },  created(){    console.log(this.$children) //[Child实例]    console.log(this.$parent)//父组件实例  }}

注意父组件获取到的$children并不是响应式的

expose&ref

$refs可以直接获取元素属性,同时也可以直接获取子组件实例

选项式API
//父组件<script>import Child from "./Child"export default {  components: {    Child  },  mounted(){    //获取子组件属性    console.log(this.$refs.child.msg) //子组件元素    //调用子组件方法    this.$refs.child.childFun("父组件信息")  }}</script>//子组件 <script>export default {  data(){    return {      msg:"子组件元素"    }  },  methods:{    childFun(val){      console.log(`子组件方法被调用,值${val}`)    }  }}</script>
组合式API
//父组件<script>import Child from "./Child"import { ref, defineComponent, onMounted } from "vue";export default defineComponent({  components: {    Child  },  setup() {    const child = ref() //注意命名需要和template中ref对应    onMounted(() => {      //获取子组件属性      console.log(child.value.msg) //子组件元素      //调用子组件方法      child.value.childFun("父组件信息")    })    return {      child //必须return出去 否则获取不到实例    }  },});</script>//子组件<script>import { defineComponent, ref } from "vue";export default defineComponent({    setup() {        const msg = ref("子组件元素")        const childFun = (val) => {            console.log(`子组件方法被调用,值${val}`)        }        return {            msg,            childFun        }    },});</script>
setup语法糖
//父组件<script setup>import Child from "./Child"import { ref, onMounted } from "vue";const child = ref() //注意命名需要和template中ref对应onMounted(() => {  //获取子组件属性  console.log(child.value.msg) //子组件元素  //调用子组件方法  child.value.childFun("父组件信息")})</script>//子组件<script setup>import { ref,defineExpose } from "vue";const msg = ref("子组件元素")const childFun = (val) => {    console.log(`子组件方法被调用,值${val}`)}//必须暴露出去父组件才会获取到defineExpose({    childFun,    msg})</script>

注意

通过ref获取子组件实例必须在页面挂载完成后才能获取。

在使用setup语法糖时候,子组件必须元素或方法暴露出去父组件才能获取到

EventBus/mitt

兄弟组件通信可以通过一个事件中心EventBus实现,既新建一个Vue实例来进行事件的监听,触发和销毁。

在Vue3中没有了EventBus兄弟组件通信,但是现在有了一个替代的方案mitt.js,原理还是 EventBus

选项式API
//组件1<script>import Bus from "./bus.js"export default {  data(){    return {      msg:"子组件元素"    }  },  methods:{    sendMsg(){      Bus.$emit("sendMsg","兄弟的值")    }  }}</script>//组件2<script>import Bus from "./bus.js"export default {  created(){   Bus.$on("sendMsg",(val)=>{    console.log(val);//兄弟的值   })  }}</script>//bus.jsimport Vue from "vue"export default new Vue()
组合式API

首先安装mitt

npm i mitt -S

然后像Vue2中bus.js一样新建mitt.js文件

mitt.js

import mitt from "mitt"const Mitt = mitt()export default Mitt
//组件1<script>import { defineComponent } from "vue";import Mitt from "./mitt.js"export default defineComponent({    setup() {        const sendMsg = () => {            Mitt.emit("sendMsg","兄弟的值")        }        return {           sendMsg        }    },});</script>//组件2<script>import { defineComponent, onUnmounted } from "vue";import Mitt from "./mitt.js"export default defineComponent({  setup() {    const getMsg = (val) => {      console.log(val);//兄弟的值    }    Mitt.on("sendMsg", getMsg)    onUnmounted(() => {      //组件销毁 移除监听      Mitt.off("sendMsg", getMsg)    })  },});</script>
setup语法糖
//组件1<script setup>import Mitt from "./mitt.js"const sendMsg = () => {    Mitt.emit("sendMsg", "兄弟的值")}</script>//组件2<script setup>import { onUnmounted } from "vue";import Mitt from "./mitt.js"const getMsg = (val) => {  console.log(val);//兄弟的值}Mitt.on("sendMsg", getMsg)onUnmounted(() => {  //组件销毁 移除监听  Mitt.off("sendMsg", getMsg)})</script>

写在最后

其实组件还可以借助Vuex或者Pinia状态管理工具进行通信(但是组件之间的通信一般不建议这样做,因为这样就会出现组件不能复用的问题)。对于Vuex和Pinia的用法大家可以参考这篇文章一文解析Pinia和Vuex

(学习视频分享:web前端开发、编程基础视频)

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